English: In 1952, Khunying Kamala Krairiksh collaborated with Dr. Elizabeth Benson to develop Thai fingerspelling for Thai consonants and also vowels and marks (VMs) from that of American Sign Language (ASL). Because English only has five vowel alphabets (a, e, i, o, and u), ASL vowel fingerspelling is still insufficient for the number of VMs in Thai. As a result, Thai fingerspelling had to be modified a wider range of hand gestures to accommodate all 16 vowel elements, 4 tonal marks, and 4 other marks, totaling 24 marks. The VMs in Thai fingerspelling presentation are traditionally arranged as scattered stuffs on the palm of a hand, but in this figure, the hand gestures have been literally rearranged according to the position of the VMs in each Thai syllable to make it easier to understand where the true position of each element in that syllable is.