سۇ
ภาษาอุยกูร์
[แก้ไข]| อักษรแบบอื่น | |
|---|---|
| อาหรับแบบเปอร์เซีย | سۇ |
| ละติน | su |
| ซีริลลิก | су |
รากศัพท์
[แก้ไข]สืบทอดจากข้อผิดพลาด Lua ใน มอดูล:languages บรรทัดที่ 564: Substitution data 'chg-translit' does not match an existing module., จากเตอร์กิกดั้งเดิม *sub (“น้ำ”)
การออกเสียง
[แก้ไข]- สัทอักษรสากล(คำอธิบาย): /su/
คำนาม
[แก้ไข]سۇ (ซู) (พหูพจน์ سۇلار (ซูลาร))
การผันรูป
[แก้ไข]| อบุรุษ (ไม่มีเจ้าของ) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| กรรตุการก | سۇ (ซู) | سۇلار (ซูลาร) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۇنىڭ (ซูนีง) | سۇلارنىڭ (ซูลารนีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۇنى (ซูนี) | سۇلارنى (ซูลารนี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۇغا (ซูฆา) | سۇلارغا (ซูลารฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۇدا (ซูดา) | سۇلاردا (ซูลารดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۇدىن (ซูดีน) | سۇلاردىن (ซูลารดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۇدىكى (ซูดีกี) | سۇلاردىكى (ซูลารดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۇغىچە (ซูฆีแช) | سۇلارغىچە (ซูลารฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۇدەك (ซูแดก) | سۇلاردەك (ซูลารแดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۇچىلىك (ซูชีลีก) หรือ سۇچە (ซูแช) | سۇلارچىلىك (ซูลารชีลีก) หรือ سۇلارچە (ซูลารแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۇنىڭكى (ซูนีงกี) | سۇلارنىڭكى (ซูลารนีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| บุรุษที่หนึ่ง เอกพจน์ (ของฉัน) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรตุการก | سۈيۈم (ซืยืม) | سۇلىرىم (ซูลีรีม) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۈيۈمنىڭ (ซืยืมนีง) | سۇلىرىمنىڭ (ซูลีรีมนีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۈيۈمنى (ซืยืมนี) | سۇلىرىمنى (ซูลีรีมนี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۈيۈمغا (ซืยืมฆา) | سۇلىرىمغا (ซูลีรีมฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۈيۈمدا (ซืยืมดา) | سۇلىرىمدا (ซูลีรีมดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۈيۈمدىن (ซืยืมดีน) | سۇلىرىمدىن (ซูลีรีมดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۈيۈمدىكى (ซืยืมดีกี) | سۇلىرىمدىكى (ซูลีรีมดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۈيۈمغىچە (ซืยืมฆีแช) | سۇلىرىمغىچە (ซูลีรีมฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۈيۈمدەك (ซืยืมแดก) | سۇلىرىمدەك (ซูลีรีมแดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۈيۈمچىلىك (ซืยืมชีลีก) หรือ سۈيۈمچە (ซืยืมแช) | سۇلىرىمچىلىك (ซูลีรีมชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىمچە (ซูลีรีมแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۈيۈمنىڭكى (ซืยืมนีงกี) | سۇلىرىمنىڭكى (ซูลีรีมนีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| บุรุษที่หนึ่ง พหูพจน์ (ของพวกเรา) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรตุการก | سۈيىمىز (ซืยีมีซ̱) | سۇلىرىمىز (ซูลีรีมีซ̱) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۈيىمىزنىڭ (ซืยีมีซ̱นีง) | سۇلىرىمىزنىڭ (ซูลีรีมีซ̱นีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۈيىمىزنى (ซืยีมีซ̱นี) | سۇلىرىمىزنى (ซูลีรีมีซ̱นี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۈيىمىزغا (ซืยีมีซ̱ฆา) | سۇلىرىمىزغا (ซูลีรีมีซ̱ฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۈيىمىزدا (ซืยีมีซ̱ดา) | سۇلىرىمىزدا (ซูลีรีมีซ̱ดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۈيىمىزدىن (ซืยีมีซ̱ดีน) | سۇلىرىمىزدىن (ซูลีรีมีซ̱ดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۈيىمىزدىكى (ซืยีมีซ̱ดีกี) | سۇلىرىمىزدىكى (ซูลีรีมีซ̱ดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۈيىمىزغىچە (ซืยีมีซ̱ฆีแช) | سۇلىرىمىزغىچە (ซูลีรีมีซ̱ฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۈيىمىزدەك (ซืยีมีซ̱แดก) | سۇلىرىمىزدەك (ซูลีรีมีซ̱แดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۈيىمىزچىلىك (ซืยีมีซ̱ชีลีก) หรือ سۈيىمىزچە (ซืยีมีซ̱แช) | سۇلىرىمىزچىلىك (ซูลีรีมีซ̱ชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىمىزچە (ซูลีรีมีซ̱แช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۈيىمىزنىڭكى (ซืยีมีซ̱นีงกี) | سۇلىرىمىزنىڭكى (ซูลีรีมีซ̱นีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| บุรุษที่สอง เอกพจน์ (ของคุณ) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรตุการก | سۈيۈڭ (ซืยืง) | سۇلىرىڭ (ซูลีรีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۈيۈڭنىڭ (ซืยืงนีง) | سۇلىرىڭنىڭ (ซูลีรีงนีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۈيۈڭنى (ซืยืงนี) | سۇلىرىڭنى (ซูลีรีงนี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۈيۈڭغا (ซืยืงฆา) | سۇلىرىڭغا (ซูลีรีงฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۈيۈڭدا (ซืยืงดา) | سۇلىرىڭدا (ซูลีรีงดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۈيۈڭدىن (ซืยืงดีน) | سۇلىرىڭدىن (ซูลีรีงดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۈيۈڭدىكى (ซืยืงดีกี) | سۇلىرىڭدىكى (ซูลีรีงดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۈيۈڭغىچە (ซืยืงฆีแช) | سۇلىرىڭغىچە (ซูลีรีงฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۈيۈڭدەك (ซืยืงแดก) | سۇلىرىڭدەك (ซูลีรีงแดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۈيۈڭچىلىك (ซืยืงชีลีก) หรือ سۈيۈڭچە (ซืยืงแช) | سۇلىرىڭچىلىك (ซูลีรีงชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىڭچە (ซูลีรีงแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۈيۈڭنىڭكى (ซืยืงนีงกี) | سۇلىرىڭنىڭكى (ซูลีรีงนีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| บุรุษที่สอง พหูพจน์ ธรรมดา (ของพวกคุณ) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรตุการก | سۈيۈڭلار (ซืยืงลาร) | سۇلىرىڭلار (ซูลีรีงลาร) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۈيۈڭلارنىڭ (ซืยืงลารนีง) | سۇلىرىڭلارنىڭ (ซูลีรีงลารนีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۈيۈڭلارنى (ซืยืงลารนี) | سۇلىرىڭلارنى (ซูลีรีงลารนี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۈيۈڭلارغا (ซืยืงลารฆา) | سۇلىرىڭلارغا (ซูลีรีงลารฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۈيۈڭلاردا (ซืยืงลารดา) | سۇلىرىڭلاردا (ซูลีรีงลารดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۈيۈڭلاردىن (ซืยืงลารดีน) | سۇلىرىڭلاردىن (ซูลีรีงลารดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۈيۈڭلاردىكى (ซืยืงลารดีกี) | سۇلىرىڭلاردىكى (ซูลีรีงลารดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۈيۈڭلارغىچە (ซืยืงลารฆีแช) | سۇلىرىڭلارغىچە (ซูลีรีงลารฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۈيۈڭلاردەك (ซืยืงลารแดก) | سۇلىرىڭلاردەك (ซูลีรีงลารแดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۈيۈڭلارچىلىك (ซืยืงลารชีลีก) หรือ سۈيۈڭلارچە (ซืยืงลารแช) | سۇلىرىڭلارچىلىك (ซูลีรีงลารชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىڭلارچە (ซูลีรีงลารแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۈيۈڭلارنىڭكى (ซืยืงลารนีงกี) | سۇلىرىڭلارنىڭكى (ซูลีรีงลารนีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| บุรุษที่สอง เอกพจน์ สุภาพ (ของคุณ) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรตุการก | سۈيىڭىز (ซืยีงีซ̱) | سۇلىرىڭىز (ซูลีรีงีซ̱) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۈيىڭىزنىڭ (ซืยีงีซ̱นีง) | سۇلىرىڭىزنىڭ (ซูลีรีงีซ̱นีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۈيىڭىزنى (ซืยีงีซ̱นี) | سۇلىرىڭىزنى (ซูลีรีงีซ̱นี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۈيىڭىزغا (ซืยีงีซ̱ฆา) | سۇلىرىڭىزغا (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۈيىڭىزدا (ซืยีงีซ̱ดา) | سۇلىرىڭىزدا (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۈيىڭىزدىن (ซืยีงีซ̱ดีน) | سۇلىرىڭىزدىن (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۈيىڭىزدىكى (ซืยีงีซ̱ดีกี) | سۇلىرىڭىزدىكى (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۈيىڭىزغىچە (ซืยีงีซ̱ฆีแช) | سۇلىرىڭىزغىچە (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۈيىڭىزدەك (ซืยีงีซ̱แดก) | سۇلىرىڭىزدەك (ซูลีรีงีซ̱แดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۈيىڭىزچىلىك (ซืยีงีซ̱ชีลีก) หรือ سۈيىڭىزچە (ซืยีงีซ̱แช) | سۇلىرىڭىزچىلىك (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىڭىزچە (ซูลีรีงีซ̱แช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۈيىڭىزنىڭكى (ซืยีงีซ̱นีงกี) | سۇلىرىڭىزنىڭكى (ซูลีรีงีซ̱นีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| บุรุษที่สอง พหูพจน์ สุภาพ (ของพวกคุณ) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรตุการก | سۈيىڭىزلار (ซืยีงีซ̱ลาร) | سۇلىرىڭىزلار (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลาร) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۈيىڭىزلارنىڭ (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารนีง) | سۇلىرىڭىزلارنىڭ (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารนีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۈيىڭىزلارنى (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารนี) | سۇلىرىڭىزلارنى (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารนี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۈيىڭىزلارغا (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารฆา) | سۇلىرىڭىزلارغا (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۈيىڭىزلاردا (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารดา) | سۇلىرىڭىزلاردا (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۈيىڭىزلاردىن (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารดีน) | سۇلىرىڭىزلاردىن (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۈيىڭىزلاردىكى (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารดีกี) | سۇلىرىڭىزلاردىكى (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۈيىڭىزلارغىچە (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารฆีแช) | سۇلىرىڭىزلارغىچە (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۈيىڭىزلاردەك (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารแดก) | سۇلىرىڭىزلاردەك (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารแดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۈيىڭىزلارچىلىك (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารชีลีก) หรือ سۈيىڭىزلارچە (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารแช) | سۇلىرىڭىزلارچىلىك (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىڭىزلارچە (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۈيىڭىزلارنىڭكى (ซืยีงีซ̱ลารนีงกี) | سۇلىرىڭىزلارنىڭكى (ซูลีรีงีซ̱ลารนีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| บุรุษที่สอง เอกพจน์/พหูพจน์ เคารพ (ของคุณ/พวกคุณ) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรตุการก | سۇلىرى (ซูลีรี) | سۇلىرى (ซูลีรี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۇلىرىنىڭ (ซูลีรีนีง) | سۇلىرىنىڭ (ซูลีรีนีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۇلىرىنى (ซูลีรีนี) | سۇلىرىنى (ซูลีรีนี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۇلىرىغا (ซูลีรีฆา) | سۇلىرىغا (ซูลีรีฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۇلىرىدا (ซูลีรีดา) | سۇلىرىدا (ซูลีรีดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۇلىرىدىن (ซูลีรีดีน) | سۇلىرىدىن (ซูลีรีดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۇلىرىدىكى (ซูลีรีดีกี) | سۇلىرىدىكى (ซูลีรีดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۇلىرىغىچە (ซูลีรีฆีแช) | سۇلىرىغىچە (ซูลีรีฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۇلىرىدەك (ซูลีรีแดก) | سۇلىرىدەك (ซูลีรีแดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۇلىرىچىلىك (ซูลีรีชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىچە (ซูลีรีแช) | سۇلىرىچىلىك (ซูลีรีชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىچە (ซูลีรีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۇلىرىنىڭكى (ซูลีรีนีงกี) | سۇلىرىنىڭكى (ซูลีรีนีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| บุรุษที่สาม (ของเขา/หล่อน/มัน/พวกฯ) | เอกพจน์ | พหูพจน์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรตุการก | سۈيى (ซืยี) | سۇلىرى (ซูลีรี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมพันธการก | سۈيىنىڭ (ซืยีนีง) | سۇلىرىنىڭ (ซูลีรีนีง) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| กรรมการก | سۈيىنى (ซืยีนี) | سۇلىرىنى (ซูลีรีนี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| สัมปทานการก | سۈيىغا (ซืยีฆา) | سۇلىرىغا (ซูลีรีฆา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก | سۈيىدا (ซืยีดา) | سۇلىرىدا (ซูลีรีดา) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อปาทานการก | سۈيىدىن (ซืยีดีน) | سۇلىرىدىن (ซูลีรีดีน) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| อธิกรณการก-qualitative | سۈيىدىكى (ซืยีดีกี) | سۇلىرىدىكى (ซูลีรีดีกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of locative-qualitative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| limitative | سۈيىغىچە (ซืยีฆีแช) | سۇلىرىغىچە (ซูลีรีฆีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| similative | سۈيىدەك (ซืยีแดก) | سۇلىرىدەك (ซูลีรีแดก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| equative | سۈيىچىلىك (ซืยีชีลีก) หรือ سۈيىچە (ซืยีแช) | سۇلىرىچىلىك (ซูลีรีชีลีก) หรือ سۇلىرىچە (ซูลีรีแช) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| representative | سۈيىنىڭكى (ซืยีนีงกี) | سۇلىرىنىڭكى (ซูลีรีนีงกี) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Declension of representative form
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
หมวดหมู่:
- อุยกูร์ terms with redundant script codes
- Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary
- ศัพท์ภาษาอุยกูร์ที่สืบทอดจากภาษาเตอร์กิกดั้งเดิม
- ศัพท์ภาษาอุยกูร์ที่รับมาจากภาษาเตอร์กิกดั้งเดิม
- ศัพท์ภาษาอุยกูร์ที่มี 1 พยางค์
- ศัพท์ภาษาอุยกูร์ที่มีการออกเสียงไอพีเอ
- คำหลักภาษาอุยกูร์
- คำนามภาษาอุยกูร์
- คำนามนับได้ภาษาอุยกูร์
- Uyghur nouns with red links in their headword lines